Count Zinzendorf

As many of you guys have mentioned, Count Zinzendorf was from a wealthy family in Europe. He lost his father when he was six weeks old and when his father got remarried he went to live with his Lutheran grandmother. He was passionate to satisfy the desire in his heart for ministry and God and he wanted to fulfill his role to become a Count. (which by the way means nobleman)
So all of Zinzendorf's childhood, he searched and really wanted to love God but he took 180 degree turn when he was at an art museum and seeing the words on a picture, "This have I done for you - Now what will you do for me?" That day he dedicated to serve Christ all of his days.
Zinzendorf had an estate called Berthelsdorf. A group of Moravians came to the estate and asked zinzendorf if they could live there, they were probably persecuted so they wanted to live together. He said yes and later on more people just kept coming and coming and coming. And also he renamed Berthelsdorf, Hernhut "the Lord's watch"
Always being interested in studying and stuff, he found the story about the Moravians and he was so fascinated by them. Although Moravians lived at Hernhut later on people who weren't also came. So there was division because not all of their beliefs were the same. Until then, Zinzendorf had not been living with them but hearing the troubles, he moved to Hernhut once again dedicating to serve them.
THis is when we pretty much come in:
So Zinzendorf began to lead daily bible studies for everyone at Hernhut and he desired that they would have prayer, praise, and biblical behavior. Often during these times, they would feel the Holy Spirit powerfully which they felt as if they were renewed. And soon they began to have 24 hour prayer as people took turns praying every hour.
One of the first missions sent from Zinzendorf was when he met the slave that Mrs.Lewellen talked about. After hearing some of the slave's testimony he brought him to Hernhut. Anthony, the slave, accepted Christ and Zinzendorf sent two men to go preach to other slaves even if they had to endure all the same things as those slaves.
Also Count Zinzendorf had a relationship with John wesley too and later on he visited Hernhut couple times. Through the Moravians he got saved.

Count Zinzendorf's story really is a big part of IHOP because first of all, 24 hour prayer! Zinzendorf had a heart for this, he realized that incense needed to arise all the time before his throne.It's said that he also focused a lot on having a personal relationship with Jesus. I=intercession H= holiness O=offering to the poor P= prophetic and something...(sorry)
but these things were all things that Zinzendorf focused on. Ihop really believes that loving God comes first then ministry follows. I think that he believed this.

It was first pronounced Herr-n-hut

Count Zinzendorf was born into a noble family (he was rich) but he still loved Jesus with his whole heart. As he grew older he became burdened for the oneness of Chistians and bought a village for the all kinds of Christians who were persecuted. At first, his village named Herrnhut had many different types of Christians who didn't believe the same things and didn't get along. Zinzendorf was obviously burdened for their oneness, so he preached and miraculously all of them repented!! They got along perfectly after that sermon!
Zinzendorf stressed the importance of Church meetings and soon corporate prayer turned into a burden of the people to spread the gospel throughout the earth. The Moravians were pioneers among modern missionaries.
The people in Herrnhut had so many miracles and prophecies that they soon got distracted from Christ - and only really cared about the results, not what those miracles and prophecies showed. Count Zinzendorf was thrown out of his village as a result of an investigation that occured, but he still ministered throughout Europe and America.
Near the end of his life, the Count experienced many troubles, a couple of which were finacial problems and opposition from religous leaders. He kept loving Jesus still however, and left a legacy of a Godly leader behind him.

source: http://www.countzinzendorf.org/

Count Zinzendorf relates to IHOP's prophetic history in many ways. He founded a "missions base" for Christians. His goal was not religion but a real relationship with Christ. The coorperate prayer resulted in those Christians in Herrnhut spreading the gospel throughout the earth. The Count was an amazing leader and did some great things, and I think IHOP is like his Herrnhut in many ways.

count zindorf

In 1722, he was approached by a group of Moravians to request permission to live on his lands. He granted their request, and a small band crossed the border from Moravia to settle in a town they called Herrnhut, or "the Lord's Watch." Zinzendorf was intrigued by the story of the Moravians, and began to read about the early Unity at the library in Dresden. His tenants went through a period of serious division, and it was then in 1727 that Zinzendorf left public life to spend all his time at his Berthelsdorf estate working with the troubled Moravians. Largely due to his leadership in daily Bible studies, the group came to formulate a unique document, known as the "Brotherly Agreement," which set forth basic tenets of Christian behavior. Residents of Herrnhut were required to sign a pledge to abide by these Biblical principals. There followed an intense and powerful experience of renewal, often described as the "Moravian Pentecost." During a communion service at Berthelsdorf, the entire congregation felt a powerful presence of the Holy Spirit, and felt their previous differences swept away. This experience began the Moravian renewal, and led to the beginning of the Protestant World Mission movement.
In 1731, while attending the coronation of Christian VI in Copenhagen, the young Count met a converted slave from the West Indies, Anthony Ulrich. Anthony's tale of his people's plight moved Zinzendorf, who brought him back to Herrnhut. As a result, two young men, Leonard Dober and David Nitchmann, were sent to St. Thomas to live among the slaves and preach the Gospel. This was the first organized Protestant mission work, and grew rapidly to Africa, America, Russia, and other parts of the world. By the end of Zinzendorf's life there were active missions from Greenland to South Africa, literally from one end of the earth to the other. Though the Baptist missionary Wliam Carey is often refered to as the "Father of Modern Missions," he himself would credit Zinzendorf with that role, for he often refered to the model of the earlier Moravians in his journal.

count Zinzedorfs ministrey relates to IHOP in many ways the main way i saw that he related was Hernhut. he let the Moravian Indians stay there if they would abide to the biblical rules. just like the Hernhut aparments next to IHOP. he also had a heart for the poor and need like IHOP

Count Zinzendorf

Count Zinzendorf was one of the rare Christians born into a noble family, yet fully consecrated to the Lord. He began to love the Lord at six and continued to get to know Christ in his school years. He became burdened for the oneness of Christians and purchased the village of Berthelsdorf as a refuge for persecuted Christians of every kind

He relates to IHOP many ways. one is that he believed in helping the homeless. he also did many things to help people that wanted to be good at the Lord is. We are trying to do this in here at IHOP. helping the homeless, the lost, the sick, and the confussed. i think we are walking in his foot steps to keep his dream alive

Zinzendorf relates to IHOP

he relates to IHOPbecause he believed in many things that we do. he liked helping the homeless and thought they needed a place to stay...he also did many things to help people and wanted to be as good as he could be. although no one is perfect i think god is still proud of him. he contributed in helping and put forth a good attitude and effort to make a change. here at IHOP we believe these things, we want a godly community and are trying to bring as many people as we can to come with us in helping the ones on need.

Count Zinzendorf and how his story relates to IHOP

Count Zinzendorf was a really cool guy! He showed love and Gods love to the poor and homeless even when it was hard to. Count Zinzendorf had a lot of land, and homeless people starting coming to him asking for help and if they could live on his land. He agreed, and he continued to agree even when more and more people starting coming. He didnt turn them away, he loved them. I think it is really cool to have that much love in your heart to give things up for the poor. Eventually he started having 24/7 night and day prayer meetings waiting until Jesus came back. This is similar to what IHOP is doing now. I guess Mike Bickle was inspired by Zinzendorf and now IHOP is a 24/7 night and day prayer and intersession. What Count Zinzendorf did changed many things and led to much revival.

IHOP and Count Zinzendorf..

So count Zinzendorf let a ton of people stay in his house/backyard because they were homeless. Count Zinzendorf showed kindness to people and loved them. He had an over exsessive amount of people in his backyard (I around believe 300) then I guess the place all of the people were staying at was called Hernhut.. Like the IHOP apartments. Then Zinzendorf who was a morvaian started a prayer meeting that last 100 years. IHOP is a lot like Count Zinzendorf.

Count Zinzendorf

He was really an amazing guy. He dovoted his life to CHRIST at a young age, and continued to serve GOD throughout his life. Besides the Hernhut thing, he also started the night watch.

Zinzendorf and the Moravians, John Wesley's Conversion, and the IHOP prophetic history

The Moravian church began on the land of Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf studied to be a diplomat. However, after not being allowed to marry his cousin, he though God was calling him to a special job. So, he became a landowner, and rented his land to tenants. Because of his religious stance, he allowed persecuted people from Moravia and Bohemia to live on his land. Hundreds of persecuted people came to his land, which he called "Herrnhut." The Moravian church started there, and sent missionaries to all over the world, including the Inuit in Greenland, the North American Indians, African slaves in America and the West Indies, as well as the west coast of South Africa. They also had a prayer room, with at least 2 people praying every hour. Furthermore, Zinzendorf spent his money to pay for Herrnhut, until he almost went bankrupt in 1750. Then he made a Financial Board among the people living in Herrnhut, which was prosperous.

Though John Wesley grew up in the church, his first encounter with the power of God was with the Moravians. Wesley was depressed and lonely. However, when he was on a ship going Georgia. During a storm, the main mast of the ship broke. While the English crew was freaking out, the Moravians, under deck, were calmly singing hymns and praying. This convinced Wesley that the Moravians had something that he didn't: a real knowledge of Jesus Christ.

The story of Herrnhut, Zinzendorf, and John Wesley's conversion has a lot to do with IHOP's prophetic history. Mike Bickle wants IHOP to be a place like Herrnhut, where believers can be equipped and renewed. He wants IHOP to be a place where people like Zinzendorf will help others selflessly. Furthermore, he wants to send people out from IHOP to be missionaries, just as the Moravians did hundreds of years ago. He also wants IHOP to continue to be a house of prayer which leads to the greatest revival ever witnessed by anyone! Finally, he wants the IHOP community to be strong believers who will provoke others to jealousy, just as the Moravians did to John Wesley.

Prince Caspian

Yes, I know this is a weird title. But I was just watching this movie and I wanted to blog about something in it. When the King was in Caspian's professer's library and one of his head guys came in, the King said something like, "We have to find Caspian before they do." When the guy asked who 'they' were, the King said, "It is time you were learning your history." And then stabbed a picture of Narnians with a Narnian arrow.

Maybe they planned it do this, but really, history effects real life. The Telmarines had no clue Narnians were still alive, but they were. This was a bad thing because they were planning a rebellion and the Telmarines had no clue. History can be boring, but that's really because we make it that way. History itself is awesome and has an effect on life today, and I think this class does it well. Let's take hold of the opportunity we have in TDA to learn about things and not just go through the motions!!

Wow

brennan, is wondering if he has found his love for blogging????lol...it's pretty fun actually!

FANATIC

I kindof want to talk about David Brainerd for a second....talk about fanatic! this guys was out in the woods, ministering to indians for a living...lol he did not have the assurance of his next meal. But God used him to soften the hearts of the indians, befor the time of the great awakening. this guy was really cool....haha, that was short

Orphans-revival

I like the point that Mrs. Lewellen pointed out earlier that like when we care for the orphans, that will lead into revival in James 1:27 it says that Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. I think the whole OJC thing is really good, and is coming at a good time. So many kids, even in the Kansas city area, are being constantly forced into doing unjust, evil things. I also want to make another point, that Allen Hood said....." Tons of little girls are crying out for a savior, but we won't even hasten the day of our Lord" (not exactly word for word) but i mean, it's for real.......We have not felt the distress and hopelessness of what these orphans, and slaves feel, EVERYDAY....I can't even really wrap my mind around it, to be honest.......i am saying this out of my own weakness....i don't exactly have the heart for orphans that i should, God must instill his heart into mine for me to even think about the girl in Thailand who is being sold into sex trafficking or the boy in Rwanda who is trained and forced to kill his neighbor at such a young age....GUYS, WE DONT GET IT!!! i'm totally, (again) saying this out of my own weakness...God's heart is burning, in intercession for these young ones, all across the world! I like how the OJC blog put it, they said that the orphans are VOICELESS!!! Someone must be that voice! God is calling ihop to be a shelter to the orphans and to care for those who can't do so for themselves.....on the OJC BLOG it said that 115 children have become prostitutes, in the last HOUR!!!!!! do you guys remember "the story of stufff" well, what if we took our money that is used on stuff that only lasts us on average, 6 months, and give it to the orphans and widows....I really want to urge u guys to pray for these orphans.....here is the ORPHAN JUSTICE CENTER WEBSITE..........HTTP://ORPHANJUSTICECENTER.WORDPRESS.COM/MISSION/

Presentations

Good job to those who did their presentations last Monday. I thought the skits were a really original idea.

Peter Boehler

Peter Boehler (December 31, 1712 – April 27, 1775) was a German-born Moravian missionary and bishop who was influential in the Moravian Church in the Americas and England during the eighteenth century. Böhler was one of the many missionaries sent out to the Americas in the early 18th century by the leader of the Moravian Church, Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf. As a part of the first large scale Protestant missionary movement, Böhler spread the religion across Georgia and other American colonies.[1] In 1740, he migrated with other Moravians to Pennsylvania, where they founded the towns of Nazareth and Bethlehem.[2] Böhler was superintendent of the Moravian Church in England from 1747 to 1753 and was made a bishop of the church in 1748. Böhler came back to America and directed new Moravian settlements in the colonies from 1753 to 1764.[2]

A good example of Colonial architecture

I found some info about a house in Charleston, South Carolina that is a really good example of colonial architecture. It was owned by a rich person living in Charleston and is really old. It's called the Nathaniel Russel House, and was owned by Nathaniel Russel. Here's a like about it:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Russell_House

The Spiral staircase looks really cool. My parents saw it in September and they said it is three stories tall and is completely self-supporting.

impossible green

I think its crazy that people could think that America could go green. First of all it would mean shutting down countless factories, which in turn would mean that even more people would lose their jobs. Then there's getting people to cooperate. If you were a big buisness manager would you agree to shut down or seriously downsize you buisness? And even getting people to create more quality products. In this world most people would shoot someone in the head for a lousy $50 (or less) much less agree to make more quality products so that they would make thousands less. The only way that we are going to get a perfect economy again is when JESUS comes back. Now I would love, truly love if we could go back to the way it has been in the past, but its just not gonna happen until JESUS comes back.

The Book's Effects of the Great Awakening... and why they might be biased

I really like this history book, but I found something while doing the group project that kindof contradicts it:

One of our websites said the proof says that most of the people that came to church during the Great Awakening stopped coming after the Great Awakening. So that effect was contradicted, because the book said church atendees increased long-term.

I think probably the website might be wrong, or they are both half wrong, but it's just a good idea to know what the truth is and not believe things that could possibly be biased.

Another Really good website about David Brainerd

I just found another really good website about David Brainerd from Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brainerd

It gives a really brief overview of his life, and is a really good summary of what he did.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield is an amazing guy. i knew he was part of the Great Awakening but i didn't know that he preached 4 or 5 times a day! also i didn't know that he didn't use a megaphonne, his voise had to be so loud!

The Moravians

Haha first of all sorry about the three empty posts.......i had a little bit of a hard time with this blog!!
Anyways, The Moravians! The Moravians were really cool people. For our project i have been reading a lot about Charles and John Wesley as well as some people who i had never heard of like James Hutton and Peter Boehler. These men really impacted America and basically started the Great Awakening! I found it really interesting to learn about how these men all changed throughout the course of their lives! They all went through hard times and times when they felt like they were alone but in the end they ended up influencing America in amazing ways.

The Moravians]

The Moravions

David Brainerd

Did you guys know that David Brainerd only preached for 4 or 5 years, and died when he was 29? I didn't know he died so young.

This is a history blog.....

Just a reminder to people who might forget....... there is no campaigning allowed on this blog. And I am above copying the Talor for president thing...

george whitefield

George was a very interesting guy. he did lots of things in his life. he went oxford but was forced to leave because of his health. George he also became ordained by bishop Benson. George was also an outstanding preacher! he preached all over the place and led lots of people to god. he was a good christian...

TAYLOR FOR PRESIDENT

A VOTE FOR TAYLOR IS A VOTE FOR TRUE HOPE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A VOTE FOR TAYLOR IS A VOTE FOR TRUE HOPE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Jonathan Edwards

ok, this guy was pretty cool. he's super smart, HE WENT TO YALE AT THE AGE OF THIRTEEN, NOT KIDDING, LOOK IN YOUR HISTORY BOOKS, PAGE 58.......anyway, the book said that he played a key role in the GREAT AWAKENING. like, it said that he preached on of the most known revival sermons of all time, " SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD"

Below, is the adress so, you can listen to it....just to get an idea of what it was like, i'm listening to it now....it is pretty good, it's not actually him speaking, and it's kindof monotone though....but i think that is what it was like back then.....well, here is the adresss......

http://www.sermonaudio.com/sermoninfo.asp?SID=770213541

Our Changing Government

When the founding fathers made the constitution they had no idea that in the future, people would twist their words into allowing homosexuality and abortion. Homosexuality was never allowed in the colonial times and abortion wasn't even thought of. We really need to pray that these issues would be ended in America and that Americans would remember and return to how they were before.

David Brainerd

As some of you know I got David Brainerd as my topic, and let me tell you, he was an amazing man! In his first attempt to reach a fierce tribe of Indians they had heard that Brainerd was coming and sent out a war party to kill him. They found him praying to GOD, but before they could to anything a rattlesnake slithered out of the bushes. It looked like it was about to bite him, but then it stopped and slithered back into the bushes. The Indians were amazed by this and welcomed him to there tribe as one who was in touch with the great spirit. This is just one of many amazing stories in his life. Here's a link to a site that I found: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/biobrain.html

David Brainerd

Here's some really interesting biographies of David Brainerd:

http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/ibrainerd.html

The first one is short and talks about his life in the mission field, talking to Indians about Jesus.

Colonial Clothes

This is a kids site on colonial clothes. It might help if you want to add more details to your stories before Friday.

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/northamerica/after1500/clothing/styles1700s.htm

Food

Here's some interesting foods that they ate in Colonial times.
http://www.history.org/almanack/life/food/foodhdr.cfm

The House of Burgesses

Here's something I found out about the House of Burgesses in the New World:

In 1617, the officers of the Virginia Company of London embarked upon a series of reforms designed to attract more people to the troubled settlement. They began by ending the company monopoly on land ownership, believing that the colonists would display greater initiative if they had an ownership position on the venture. The changes encouraged private investment from the colony's settlers which allowed them to own their own land rather than simply being sharecroppers. Four large corporations, termed citties [sic], were designated to encompass the developed portion of the colony. Company officials also made justice in Virginia more predictable by adopting English Common Law as the basis of their system, which replaced the whims of the governor as the final voice on legal matters. In 1620, in an effort to create a more stable society, the company dispatched a boatload of marriageable women to the colony; the going rate was 120 pounds of tobacco for each bride. The women did not know that they would get married.^{[citation needed]}

The changes in 1619 also created a legislative body to be selected by the colonists called the House of Burgesses, similar to the British Parliament, that would meet once annually at Jamestown. (In Bermuda, previously part of Virginia, the House of Assembly was created that same year).

I got this from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses

New Hampshire

Since my historical fiction story is about New Hampshire, here's a bit of info about the history of the state:

English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and English fishermen settled at Odiorne's Point in present-day Rye in 1623. The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-day Dover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province."
By the time of the American Revolution, New Hampshire was a divided province. The economic and social life of the Seacoast revolved around sawmills, shipyards, merchant's warehouses, and established village and town centers. Wealthy merchants built substantial homes, furnished them with the finest luxuries, and invested their capital in trade and land speculation. At the other end of the social scale, there developed a permanent class of day laborers, mariners, indentured servants, and even slaves.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire#History

I found this very interesting, especially the fact that there were slaves even in New Hampshire.

New England Colonies

Here's something I found about the starting of the New England Colonies:

On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued two charters, one each for the Virginia Companies, of London and Plymouth, respectively. Due to a duplication of territory (between Chesapeake Bay and Long Island Sound), the two companies were required to maintain a separation of 100 Miles, even where the two charters overlapped.

These were privately-funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit. Competition between the two companies grew to where their potential New World territory overlapped, and would be finalized based upon results.

The London Company was authorized to make settlements from North Carolina to New York (31 to 41 degrees North Latitude), provided there was no conflict with the Plymouth Company’s charter.

The southern colonies

The Southern Colonies of British Colonial America consisted of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland, and Virginia. The first permanent settlement among them was at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.^{[citation needed]}

The hope of gold, resources, and lands drew English colonists to the Southern Colonies. The Southern colonies, unlike the New England colonies, consisted of winters that were mild and summers that were hot. There were huge farms and plantations. Houses were miles apart from each other.

The southern colonies were perfect for growing crops and maintaining animals. The Southern colonies had the warmest climate accompanied by many cool blue rivers.

The slave trade

Portuguese traders brought the first African slaves for agricultural labor to the Caribbean in 1502. From then until 1860, it is estimated that more than 10 million people were transported from Africa to the Americas. The great majority were brought to the Caribbean, Brazil, or the Spanish colonies of Central and South America. Only about 6 percent were traded in British North America.

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The Portuguese, Dutch, and British controlled most of the Atlantic slave trade. Most Africans taken to North America came from the various cultures of western and west central Africa. The territories that are now Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria were the origins of most slaves brought to North America, although significant numbers also came from the areas that are now Senegal, Gambia, and Angola. These areas were home to diverse linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups. Most of the people enslaved were subsistence farmers and raised livestock. Their agricultural and pastoral skills made them valuable laborers in the Americas.

To transport the captured Africans to the Americas, Europeans loaded them onto specially constructed ships with platforms below deck designed to maximize the numbers of slaves that could be transported. Africans were confined for two to three months in irons in the hold of a slave ship during the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean called the Middle Passage. The meager diet of rice, yams, or beans and the filthy conditions created by overcrowding resulted in a very high death rate. Many ships reached their destinations with barely half their cargo of slaves still alive to sell into forced labor in the Americas.

The first Africans brought to the English colonies in North America came on a Dutch privateer that landed at Jamestown, Virginia, in August 1619. The ship had started out with about 100 captives, but it had run into extremely bad weather. When the ship finally put into Jamestown, it had only 20 surviving Africans to sell to the struggling colony. Soon many of the colonies along the Atlantic seaboard started importing African slaves. The Dutch West India Company brought 11 Africans to its garrison trading post in New Amsterdam (known today as New York City) in 1626, and Pennsylvanians imported 150 Africans in 1684.

Colonial African American LIfe

There was slavery in every colony in the 1800s.
At the dawn of the American Revolution, 20 percent of the population in the thirteen colonies was of African descent. Most blacks lived in the Chesapeake region, where they made up more than 50 to 60 percent of the overall population.
The majority of blacks living in the Chesapeake worked on tobacco plantations and large farms. Since the cultivation of tobacco was extremely labor-intensive, African slave labor was used, despite questions of whether slavery was morally right.
For slaves working on farms, the work was a little less tedious than tobacco cultivation, but no less demanding. Despite the difficult labor, there were some minor advantages to working on a plantation or farm compared to working in an urban setting or household. Generally, slaves on plantations lived in complete family units, their work dictated by the rising and setting of the sun, and they generally had Sundays off. The disadvantages, however, were stark. Plantation slaves were more likely to be sold or transferred than those in a domestic setting. They were also subject to brutal and severe punishments, because they were regarded as less valuable than household or urban slaves.
Regardless of a slave's occupation, there was considerable fear and angst caused by an environment of constant uncertainty and threats of violence and abuse.

Slaves were sold away from their families, too

It's kind of hard to read but this was how they talked. Here's what happened to one slave who was sold away from her family:

"When Mr. Inskip say dat he had got 'nough of looking at me an' my brudher an' siser an' brought a man to de jail to look us over an' see if he wanted to buy us. De man say he wouldn't buy nobody but me. He didn' want my sister an' brudher 'cause dey was too little. He needed a nurse for his chilluns an' I was de right size, so he bought me. I ain't never seen or heard from my mudher or my brudher or sister from that day to dis one. I don' know what happen to 'em. I don' even know if dey is alive or not. I don't know nothing 'bout 'em. My name is Ella Belle Ramsey."

http://slaveryinamerica.org/narratives/nar_ebramsey.htm

A African American bering sold

this online is what i found online. like it says its from a freed slavce......the words are kinda weird but try to picture this in your mind.

Sylvia Cannon, a freed slave, described slave auctions this way:
I see 'em sell plenty colored peoples away in them days, 'cause that the way white folks
made heap of their money. Course, they ain't never tell us how much they sell 'em for.
Just stand 'em up on a block about three feet high and a speculator bid 'em off just like
they was horses. Them what was bid off didn't never say nothing neither. Don't know
who bought my brothers, George and Earl. I see 'em sell some slaves twice before I was
sold, and I see the slaves when they be traveling like hogs to Darlington. Some of them
be women folks looking like they going to get down, they so heavy.
The slave auctioneers spoke of their business as though they were, in fact, buying and
selling hogs.

How slaves were bought and sold

Slaves were usually bought and sold just like property. They would have an auction like the ones we have now and auction off the slaves to whomever could pay the most. It was like buying animals. THey would look at their muscles and talk to their "owners" to see if they were obedient and if they worked hard and if they slacked off. I also found out that if they were not likely to get sick and had a strong system they were worth more. So if like say we were slaves being sold versus a malnourished sick dude from nowhere land we would be worth more because we could work more. This is a very sick fact and makes me really ticked off but it should. THey were basically treated like animals and were not thought to be actual humman beings because of theis skin color. check out this website its pretty cool:
http://www.uni.edu/schneidj/webquests/adayinthelife/slaves.html

Slavery education

hey I found this website. just read till the picture. its very sad that they didn't get the proper education they needed.. but what people did about it was good.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASeducation.htm

Sickness

I wasn't there for History class on Friday so can someone tell me what to post about? Thanks I would appriciate it.

Slavery

The article I got this exerpt from had a slightly disturbing picture and so I decided to just cut and paste the part that was worth it.

The first record of African slavery in Colonial America occurred in 1619. A Dutch ship, the White Lion, had captured 20 enslaved Africans in a battle with a Spanish ship bound for Mexico. The Dutch ship had been damaged first by the battle and then more severely in a great storm during the late summer when it came ashore at Old Point Comfort, site of present day Fort Monroe in Virginia. Though the colony was in the middle of a period later known as "The Great Migration" (1618-1623), during which its population grew from 450 to 4,000 residents, extremely high mortality rates from disease, malnutrition, and war with Native Americans kept the population of able-bodied laborers low [3]. With the Dutch ship being in severe need of repairs and supplies and the colonists being in need of able-bodied workers, the human cargo was traded for food and services.

In addition to African slaves, Europeans, mostly Irish,[18] Scottish,[19] English, and Germans, were brought over in substantial numbers as indentured servants,[20] particularly in the British Thirteen Colonies.[21] Over half of all white immigrants to the English colonies of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries consisted of indentured servants.[22] The white citizens of Virginia, who had arrived from Britain, decided to treat the first Africans in Virginia as indentured servants. As with European indentured servants, the Africans were freed after a stated period and given the use of land and supplies by their former owners, and at least one African American, Anthony Johnson, eventually became a landowner on the Eastern Shore and a slave-owner.[23] The major problem with indentured servants was that, in time, they would be freed, but they were unlikely to become prosperous. The best lands in the tidewater regions were already in the hands of wealthy plantation families by 1650, and the former servants became an underclass. Bacon's Rebellion showed that the poor laborers and farmers could prove a dangerous element to the wealthy landowners. By switching to pure chattel slavery, new white laborers and small farmers were mostly limited to those who could afford to immigrate and support themselves.

The transformation from indentured servitude to racial slavery happened gradually. There were no laws regarding slavery early in Virginia's history. However, by 1640, the Virginia courts had sentenced at least one black servant to slavery.

In 1654, John Casor, a black man, became the first legally-recognized slave in the area to become the United States. A court in Northampton County ruled against Casor, declaring him property for life, "owned" by the black colonist Anthony Johnson. Since persons with African origins were not English citizens by birth, they were not necessarily covered by English Common Law.

The Virginia Slave codes of 1705 made clear the status of slaves. During the British colonial period, every colony had slavery. Those in the north were primarily house servants. Early on, slaves in the South worked on farms and plantations growing indigo, rice, and tobacco; cotton became a major crop after the 1790s.[24] In South Carolina in 1720 about 65% of the population consisted of slaves.[25] Slaves were used by rich farmers and plantation owners with commercial export operations. Backwoods subsistence farmers seldom owned slaves.

Some of the British colonies attempted to abolish the international slave trade, fearing that the importation of new Africans would be disruptive. Virginia bills to that effect were vetoed by the British Privy Council; Rhode Island forbade the import of slaves in 1774. All of the colonies except Georgia had banned or limited the African slave trade by 1786; Georgia did so in 1798 - although some of these laws were later repealed.[26]

The British West Africa Squadron's slave trade suppression activities were assisted by forces from the United States Navy, starting in 1820 with the USS Cyane. Initially, this consisted of a few ships, but relationship was eventually formalised by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 into the Africa Squadron.[27]

Election Day in the Colonies

On page 46 of the textbook, it describes election day as a very happy, joyful day where people would gather from all over the area to vote and meet with friends. However, I think that is very unrealistic. The textbook said that people had to vote publicly. Wouldn't this mean that there would be a lot of peer pressure to vote for certain people, no matter what your real opinion is? Last year, I read that if someone didn't vote for a certain person, he would sometimes get hit with tomatos and other vegetables, or get beat up afterwords. I think that this book only shows one side of election day.

The Life of A Slave

The book that Haley and I had to do an outline about, Life in the American Colonies, says a bit about the life of a slave during the journey to and life in America:

"Conditions during the voyage to America were appalling. Slaves were crowded closely into dark spaces below deck, with nothing more than an open tub as a toilet. In good weather conditions, they might be taken on deck for forced exercise, but in bad weather- or when the crew feared their human cargo might rebel- they were chained permanently below deck. Disease flourished... and traders expected many deaths among the slaves. Slaves had no legal status in the colonies.

"Being a slave in the New World made heavy demands on these unwilling immigrants. Cut off from everything they knew, the colonial slaves had to learn a new language and new ways to work. Forming relationships with slaves who had come earlier or who were born in the New World was sometimes difficult, and so were the demands by whites that blacks adopt a "racial etiquette" acknowledging the rights of all whites to dominate all blacks.

"Most slaves... labored fifteen-hour days on southern tobacco or rice plantations. Under these terrible conditions, hundreds of thousands of African Americans took their place in the life of the New World."

Obviously, the African slaves lived in really terrible conditions. They never had the hope of going back to Africa or being treated fairly.

Redemptioners

Hey I found this interesting scroll down to history.. I know its long but its interesting and worth it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptioner

Great Awakening

The great awakening was led by key leaders such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

About Jonathan Edwards: Edwards has received a bad press for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." In that sermon he used the image of a spider dangling by a web over a hot fire to describe the human predicament. His point was that at any moment, our hold on life could break and we'd be plunged into fires of eternal damnation. But if you read his sermons, you will find that he spoke quietly, reasonably, and logically. Indeed, he was dry and even a bit boring. But he began to experience a harvest of conversions that were accompanied by exaggerated behavior. People would bark, shout, and run when they were converted. Why did people listen to Edwards? Why did his preaching provoke such a response? For one thing, he was speaking about a matter they were vitally interested in. They had come to this country to found a biblical commonwealth, but their vision did not seem to be shared by community's youth.

Geroge Whitefield: Whitefield was an associate of John Wesley in England. He had a loud voice, and it is said one conversion occurred 3 miles from where he was preaching. He was a dramatic man who it was said could pronounce the word "Mesopotamia" in such a way that it could melt an audience. Whitefield traveled up and down the eastern seaboard carrying the Awakening with him, and he offered a new quality to the prevailing view of how one gains citizenship in the Kingdom of God. Like many of the evangelists, Whitefield stood over against a cold, rational religion that appealed only to the mind. His emphasis on the conversion experience had a leveling effect. It served to remind everyone that the ground is level at the foot of the cross. And it made the experience of saving grace seem of greater relevance than the petty quarrels over ecclesiastical structure that seemed to divide Christians.
A good quote by him: " A Christian! A Christian! Let that by your highest distinction...".

The Great Awakening

What historians call “the first Great Awakening” can best be described as a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s. That revival was part of a much broader movement, an evangelical upsurge taking place simultaneously on the other side of the Atlantic, most notably in England, Scotland, and Germany. In all these Protestant cultures during the middle decades of the eighteenth century, a new Age of Faith rose to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, to reaffirm the view that being truly religious meant trusting the heart rather than the head, prizing feeling more than thinking, and relying on biblical revelation rather than human reason.

GREAT AWAKENING.......DID YOU KNOW?

What alot of people do not know is that there were actually four "great awakenings..." the one that people mostly talk about is the first...here is a little cut and paste, from a website about the first one....
The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the Eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of land. Although the name is slightly misleading--the Great Awakening was not one continuous revival, rather it was several revivals in a variety of locations--it says a great deal about the state of religion in the colonies. For the simple reality is that one cannot be awakened unless you have fallen asleep.

The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. It began in England before catching fire across the Atlantic. Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater intimacy with God.
The Awakening's biggest significance was the way it prepared America for its War of Independence. In the decades before the war, revivalism taught people that they could be bold when confronting religious authority, and that when churches weren't living up to the believers' expectations, the people could break off and form new ones.
Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that religious power resided in their own hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England, or any other religious authority. After a generation or two passed with this kind of mindset, the Colonists came to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English monarch, but in their own will for self-governance (consider thewording of the Declaration of Independence). By 1775, even though the Colonists did not all share the same theological beliefs, they did share a common vision of freedom from British control. Thus, the Great Awakening brought about a climate which made the American Revolution possible.

John Calvin Reformation

Hey I found this awseome site that talks about the Reformation and goes along with the Great Awakening. This site talks about how John Calvin was a former Protestant but ended up cuasing a revolution in the church. John Calvin wrote some amazing stuff such as commentarie sthat basically explained the whole bible. He was a very hard core bible study guy and tore scripture apart so he could translate it in a way that others could understand. http://wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HTM

how tabocco was made and became important the the colonies

The development of tobacco as an export began in Virginia in 1614 when one of the colonists, John Rolfe, experimented with a plant he had brought from the West Indies, Nicotania tabacum. In the same year the first tobacco shipment was sent to England. After the first shipment was completed the British prized this new tobacco product. The reason why they prized the tobacco so much was because it became a way to show one's wealthiness to the public. Only those of highs status could afford this new product. As the popularity of tobacco grew it became the savior of the colonies. During the first growth and shipment period of the first batch of tobacco the colonies were in a crisis. Due to the rough climate the colonies weren't able to produce the crops they needed to survive. With no crops, they couldn't bring themselves income or food supply to sustain life in this new land. While the crisis continued the tobacco popularity also grew. Seeing this is happening the colonists took this opportunity and mass produced tobacco. Fortunately the Virginia climate and land structure was perfect for tobacco plantations. With this mass production and sales to English the colonies were saved from their crisis as they used tobacco for income and currency. Virginia tobacco rapidly gained popularity abroad and it became more difficult to encourage the production of diverse crops or other commodities in the colony. Land was readily available and quick profits could be made on tobacco. Tobacco cultivation is labor intensive and a large labor force was required which was supplied by indentured servants who were required to work for a number of years in return for their passage to the New World. The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619, but it would be several decades before slavery became the dominant labor force in the colony. Tobacco was Virginia's primary agricultural export throughout the colonial period in spite of repeated efforts by royal governors to encourage diversification.

The First Great Awakening

Here's a bit from Wikipedia about the First Great Awakening:

The First Great Awakening (referred to by some historians as the Great Awakening) was a period of heightened religious activity, primarily in Great Britain and its North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. In New England, the Great Awakening was influential among many Congregationalists; while in the Middle and Southern colonies (especially in the "Backcountry" regions of those colonies) the Awakening was influential among Presbyterians. Although the idea of a "great awakening" is contested, it is clear that the period was, particularly in New England, a time of increased religious activity. The revival began with Jonathan Edwards, a well-educated theologian and Congregationalist minister from Northampton, Massachusetts, who came from Puritan and Calvinist roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, personal religious experience. Edwards was said to be "solemn, with a distinct and careful enunciation, and a slow cadence." ^[1] Nevertheless, his sermons were powerful and attracted a large following. The Methodist preacher George Whitefield, visiting from England, continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences.

Here's the link for more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening

Slave Cabin Reconstruction

In Charleston, South Carolina, there's a project going on to rebuild several slave homes on a plantation. Here's a bit about the project from the website:

"Magnolia Plantations slave cabins have a unique history, in which they have been utilized from the time of antebellum slavery through emancipation and into the late 20th century by African-Americans, both enslaved and free.

While other historic sites have restored similar slave cabins and houses in the past for interpretation, no site has ever restored a series of structures that interpret African-American history from slavery to freedom and beyond. Magnolia is taking the unique and exciting opportunity to have this transitional interpretive area for African-American history that is unique and certain to garner national attention."

go here: http://www.magnoliaplantation.com/slaverytofreedom.html
to see a picture of the slave cabin and to read more.

joint-stock companies

Joint stock companies were very similar to modern day corparations. They are much like our stock companies. People back then could find investors that would pool all of their money together to start a colony. If the colony did well then the investors would make money according to what they invested. Investors and founders of colonies were very smart when they thought of things like joint stock companies. They would provide money to start a coloney and allow them to survive for awhile before they had to pay them back. Joint stock companies helped set the foundation for modern day corperations.

Indigo crops in the carolinas and how it was made

here is the website where i got this: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7023/indigo.html

the processing of indigo involved carefully timed fermenting and agitating stages. Indigo production, like rice culture, involved concentrated manual labor. Thus indigo easily fit into the Southern slave holding methods of agriculture. However, indigo processing was exacting and required a high degree of technical skill. This plus the inevitable risks of agriculture meant that not all farmers could produce indigo on a commercial scale. Yet, the fact that indigo became widespread indicates that many plantation owners were willing to take the necessary risks. An advantage indigo had over rice was that indigo did not require the standing water of rice cultivation. Thus it quickly spread to the middle country of South Carolina and on the sea islands which were not adapted to rice culture.
Indigo processing was very precise and remained a precarious aspect of indigo culture for it determined the quality of the dye. The indigo plants were placed in three successive fermentation vats for the dye did not exist in the plant per se. A liquid called indican was formed chemically in an oxidation process which the colonial planters did not fully understand. Contemporary accounts simply said that the plants rotted. The fermented indigo/indican was then agitated by slaves with paddles which aerated the liquid. After the addition of limewater, the clear alkaline solution changed to blue. After the liquid was drained, the residue was strained, bagged, and left to dry. The resulting fine stiff paste was cut into cubes and placed into barrels for shipment to England. An average harvest for a planter usually resulted in thirty to eighty processed pounds of indigo per acre.

William Bradford

William Bradford was born in 1590 and when he was very young both of his parents died so he lived with several relatives while he was growing up. When he was 12 he went to a church of separatists and got really into their ideas and beliefs. By the time he was 17 he was what we would call a radical christian and told the congregation about his idea to separate from the church of England. This was an extremely dangerous thing to do because at the time church and state were one thing and you had one religion to follow. later William found out that the King of England, James I, was tracking down the separatist leaders and imprisoning them. He found this out and they decided to go to the New Netherlands. I think they should have gone but at the same time Jesus tells us that we will be persecuted and that in order to follow him we have to drink of the same cup that he did and pick up our cross and follow him. I think it is kind of cool that the king was persecuting them because it shows that they were not afraid to speak out on their beliefs. He had alot of influence and used it well and very carefully. He had to trust God and walk by faith in everything he did because he was not sure what would lie ahead but knew that was what God had planned for him and his congregation.

This would really be cool if we could be a part of it, well, it would really stink actually literally and metaphorically.....It would really be hard to start a colony by your self with only a little bit of help, plus you got indians attacking you......i mean for real......After World War II, an effort began to reenact the voyage of the Mayflower. With cooperation between Project Mayflower and Plimoth Plantation, an accurate replica of the original (designed by naval architect William A. Baker) was launched September 22, 1956 from Devon, England, and set sail in the spring of 1957. Captained by Alan Villiers, the voyage ended in Plymouth Harbor after 55 days on June 13, 1957 to great acclaim.

Mayflower II masts in the fog
The ship is moored to this day at State Pier in Plymouth, and is open to visitors

the new netherlands

Since the issue of patents by the States General in 1614, New Netherland had been a private, commercial venture. This changed in 1624, when New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic and the northern border was lowered to 42 degrees north in acknowledgment of the inevitable intrusion of the English north of Cape Cod (see John Smith's 1616 map as self-anointed Admiral of New England). According to the Law of Nations, a claim on a territory required not only discovery and charting, but also settlement. In May 1624 the Dutch completed their claim by landing 30 Dutch families on Noten Eylant, modern Governors Island.Within six years, the nations were again at war, and in August of 1673 the Dutch recaptured New Netherland with a fleet of 21 ships, then the largest one seen in North America.New Netherland settlers did not come to America because of religious or political persecution, nor were they destitute. They came with the hope of making money. The majority were single males, primarily tradesmen or farmers.Another important element in the New Netherland province that differed from the British colonies was demographics. It has been estimated that probably one half of the population was not Dutch. The size of the province has been estimated at between 2,000 to 3,500 in 1655 growing to a total of about 9,000 by 1664. A significant number of the inhabitants were Germans, Swedes and Finns that emigrated in the period after 1639; a number that was increased by 300 to 500 with the capture of New Sweden on September 24, 1655.

Peter Minuit

Peter Minuit isn't very well known, but I did my paper on him and here are some interesting facts :

1. He got into an argument with the secretary of the Dutch West India company, and was thrown out of New Netherland.
2. Later, someone reccomended him as a good person to start a colony somewhere else (along the Delaware river) in the New World, and he went.
3. Minuit died tragicly when a hurricane hit a boat he was on and he drowned.

From what I have read, Peter Minuit had kind of a sad life, but he was always respectful to Indians (he always bought land from them instead of just 'claiming' it) and he was important in the first few years of the colonies New Amsterdam and New Sweden because he did a good job of being in charge.

William Penn

I found out about william penn that he always had the heart that cried out for liberty since he was a young boy. He got into trouble often for speaking up in his schools when he was young and therefore had to move schools sometimes. He was never afraid to speak on what he believed in. This got him into trouble sometimes but at least it came in handy later on.
Another thing i found out was that all these great heroes of that century really did not have an easy life. I'm not talking about the persectution. That of course was hard but I'm talking about personal things in their life. William Penn was alone a lot as a boy, and did not see his father often. That probably was really hard for him. And also even when his wife died and other things, those things didn't shake him. he firmly believed in confidence. WIlliam also had two strokes before he died. If i was him, i would wonder why that happened. As a firm quaker believer, he could've wondered why these things happened if he was serving his nation and speaking out for liberty. Those thoughts probably came to his kids too.
So basically, these guys really gave up a lot for what they wanted their nation to be like in the future. and that we should use the things God has given us from the very beginning and use them.

John WInthrop

When researching I for our one page paper that was due Monday I did my paper about John Winthrop and I found that John had four wives. they all died he didn't divorce any of them they died then he got remarried then she died and so on. I thought that was pretty interesting..

Rhode Island- Roger Williams

Rhode Island has a pretty interesting reason for being founded. Roger Williams was one of the very first people to speak out against the Puritans beliefs. He was a pastor who was similar to a Puritan in belief but he disagreed with him on 3 main points. 1. He believed that church and state should be seperate. 2. Williams belived that the Indians owned all of the land in the colonies and that the colonists had no right to stay unless they paid the indians for the land. 3. And lastly he strongly disagreed with the Puritans beliefs that the church could be "purified." Thus after some hard work and much perseverance Rhode Island was founded, and Rhode Island was founded mostly on the seperation of church and state.

quakers

i think the quakers are really interesting people! they have done so much! they were some of the hardest working back then...they did everything to provide for there family and "tribe".they always worked in the field to pick corn and other things. there religious life was funny, they thought one thing and would do another..over all they were good people though.

Charlestown

I know that we're not going to learn about the civil war for a few months, but I found a cool link to this website about a fort in Charlestown, South Carolina. Since Charlestown was the first settlement in South Carolina, I thought it might be interesting to know what it was like in the Civil War. They say that the fort was where the Civil War started.

http://www.nps.gov/fosu/

Fort Sumpter is a really cool fort, and if you ever go to Charlestown, you should take a tour of it.

Thanks for the pie.

Well personaly i like Taylors and Hayleys, because i got pie even though i got wendsday club from it thanks it was awesome. But i do give Terry and alex 2 thumbs up despite not having pie that was an awesome job summerizing the whole chapter :)>

William Penn

After here every bodys assinmants and stuff I thought that William Penn was very interesting Person he really just got blessed by God time after time he pathed the way for us so i found this website and thoughth it was cool. William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peaceby Jim Powell
Mr. Powell is editor of Laissez-Faire Books and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. He has written for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, American Heritage, and more than three dozen other publications. Copyright © by Jim Powell. Reprinted on www.quaker.org by permission.
William Penn was the first great hero of American liberty. During the late seventeenth century, when Protestants persecuted Catholics, Catholics persecuted Protestants, and both persecuted Quakers and Jews, Penn established an American sanctuary which protected freedom of conscience. Almost everywhere else, colonists stole land from the Indians, but Penn traveled unarmed among the Indians and negotiated peaceful purchases. He insisted that women deserved equal rights with men. He gave Pennsylvania a written constitution which limited the power of government, provided a humane penal code, and guaranteed many fundamental liberties.
For the first time in modem history, a large society offered equal rights to people of different races and religions. Penn's dramatic example caused quite a stir in Europe. The French philosopher Voltaire, a champion of religious toleration, offered lavish praise. "William Penn might, with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions. "
Penn was the only person who made major contributions to liberty in both the New World and the Old World. Before he conceived the idea of Pennsylvania, he became the leading defender of religious toleration in England. He was imprisoned six times for speaking out courageously. While in prison, he wrote one pamphlet after another, which gave Quakers a literature and attacked intolerance. He alone proved capable of challenging oppressive government policies in court--one of his cases helped secure the right to trial by jury. Penn used his diplomatic skills and family connections to get large numbers of Quakers out of jail. He saved many from the gallows.
Despite the remarkable clarity of Penn's vision for liberty, he had a curious blind spot about slavery. He owned some slaves in America, as did many other Quakers. Antislavery didn't become a widely shared Quaker position until 1758, 40 years after Penn's death. Quakers were far ahead of most other Americans, but it's surprising that people with their humanitarian views could have contemplated owning slaves at all.
There were just two portraits of Penn painted during his lifetime, one depicting him as a handsome youth, the other as a stout old man. A biographer described young Penn's "oval face of almost girlish prettiness but with strong features, the brusqueness of the straight, short nose in counterpoint to the almost sensuous mouth. What gives the face its dominant character are the eyes, burning with a dark, luminous insistence ... it is known from verbal descriptions that Penn was fairly tall and athletic. Altogether, the young man must have been both handsome and impressive."
William Penn was born on October 14, 1644, in London. The most specific description of his mother, Margaret, came from a neighbor, the acid-tongued diarist Samuel Pepys who described her as "well-looked, fat, short old Dutch woman, but one who hath been heretofore pretty handsome." She did the child-rearing, since her husband, William Penn Sr., was seldom at home. He was a much sought-after naval commander because he knew the waters around England, could handle a ship in bad weather and get the most from his crew. Admiral Penn had a good personal relationship with Stuart kings and for a while served their most famous adversary, the Puritan Oliver Cromwell.
Left mostly to himself, young William became interested in religion. He was thrilled to hear a talk by Thomas Loe, a missionary for the Society of Friends derisively known as Quakers. Founded in 1647 by the English preacher George Fox, Quakers were a mystical Protestant sect emphasizing a direct relationship with God. An individual's conscience, not the Bible, was the ultimate authority on morals. Quakers didn't have a clergy or churches. Rather, they held meetings where participants meditated silently and spoke up when the Spirit moved them. They favored plain dress and a simple life rather than aristocratic affectation.
After acquiring a sturdy education in Greek and Roman classics, Penn emerged as a rebel when he entered Oxford University. He defied Anglican officials by visiting John Owen, a professor dismissed for advocating tolerant humanism. Penn further rebelled by protesting compulsory chapel attendance, for which he was expelled at age 17.
His parents sent him to France where he would be less likely to cause further embarrassment, and he might acquire some manners. He enrolled at l'Académie Protestante, the most respected French Protestant university, located in Saumur. He studied with Christian humanist Moïse Amyraut, who supported religious toleration.
Back in England by August 1664, Penn soon studied at Lincoln's Inn, the most prestigious law school in London. He learned the common law basis for civil liberties and gained some experience with courtroom strategy. He was going to need it.
Admiral Penn, assigned to rebuilding the British Navy for war with the Dutch, asked that his son serve as personal assistant. Young William must have gained a valuable inside view of high command. Admiral Penn also used his son as a courier delivering military messages to King Charles II. Young William developed a cordial relationship with the King and his brother, the Duke of York, the future King James II.
Penn's quest for spiritual peace led him to attend Quaker meetings even though the government considered this a crime. In September 1667, police broke into a meeting and arrested everyone. Since Penn looked like a fashionable aristocrat rather than a plain Quaker, the police released him. He protested that he was indeed a Quaker and should be treated the same as the others. Penn drew on his legal training to prepare a defense. Meanwhile, in jail he began writing about freedom of conscience. His father disowned him, and young Penn lived in a succession of Quaker households. He learned that the movement was started by passionate preachers who had little education. There was hardly any Quaker literature. He resolved to help by applying his scholarly knowledge and legal training. He began writing pamphlets, which were distributed through the Quaker underground.
In 1668, one of his hosts was Isaac Penington, a wealthy man in Buckinghamshire. Penn met his stepdaughter Gulielma Springett, and it was practically love at first sight. Poet John Milton's literary secretary Thomas Ellwood noted her "innocently open, free and familiar Conversation, springing from the abundant Affability, Courtesy and Sweetness of her natural Temper." Penn married Gulielma on April 4, 1672. She was to bear seven children, four of whom died in infancy.
Meanwhile, Penn attacked the Catholic/ Anglican doctrine of the Trinity, and the Anglican bishop had him imprisoned in the notorious Tower of London. Ordered to recant, Penn declared from his cold isolation cell: "My prison shall be my grave before I will budge a jot; for I owe my conscience to no mortal man." By the time he was released seven months later, he had written pamphlets defining the principal elements of Quakerism. His best-known work from this period: No Cross, No Crown, which presented a pioneering historical case for religious toleration.
The Conventicle ActHe wasn't free for long. To curb the potential power of Catholics, notably the Stuarts, Parliament passed the Conventicle Act, which aimed to suppress religious dissent as sedition. But the law was applied mainly against Quakers, perhaps because few were politically connected. Thousands were imprisoned for their beliefs. The government seized their properties, including the estate of his wife's family.
Penn decided to challenge the Conventicle Act by holding a public meeting on August 14, 1670. The Lord Mayor of London arrested him and his fellow Quakers as soon as he began expressing his nonconformist religious views. At the historic trial, Penn insisted that since the government refused to present a formal indictment--officials were concerned the Conventicle Act might be overturned--the jury could never reach a guilty verdict. He appealed to England's common-law heritage: "if these ancient and fundamental laws, which relate to liberty and property, and which are not limited to particular persuasions in matters of religion, must not be indispensably maintained and observed, who then can say that he has a right to the coat on his back? Certainly our liberties are to be openly invaded, our wives to be ravished, our children slaved, our families ruined, and our estates led away in triumph by every sturdy beggar and malicious informer--as their trophies but our forfeits for conscience's sake."
The jury acquitted all defendants, but the Lord Mayor of London refused to accept this verdict. He hit the jury members with fines and ordered them held in brutal Newgate prison. Still, they affirmed their verdict. After the jury had been imprisoned for about two months, the Court of Common Pleas issued a writ of habeas corpus to set them free. Then they sued the Lord Mayor of London for false arrest. The Lord Chief Justice of England, together with his 11 associates, ruled unanimously that juries must not be coerced or punished for their verdicts. It was a key precedent protecting the right to trial by jury.
Penn had become a famous defender of liberty who could attract several thousand people for a public talk. He traveled in Germany and Holland to see how Quakers there were faring. Holland made a strong impression because it was substantially free. It was a commercial center where people cared mainly about peaceful cooperation. Persecuted Jews and Protestants flocked to Holland. Penn began to form a vision of a community based on liberty.
He resolved to tap his royal connections for his cause. With the blessing of King Charles II and the Duke of York, Penn presented his case for religious toleration before Parliament. They would have none of it because they were worried about the Stuarts imposing Catholic rule on England, especially since the Duke of York had converted to Roman Catholicism and married a staunch Catholic.
The Founding of PennsylvaniaPenn became convinced that religious toleration couldn't be achieved in England. He went to the King and asked for a charter enabling him to establish an American colony. Perhaps the idea seemed like an easy way to get rid of troublesome Quakers. On March 4, 1681, Charles II signed a charter for territory west of the Delaware River and north of Maryland, approximately the present size of Pennsylvania, where about a thousand Germans, Dutch and Indians lived without any particular government. The King proposed the name "Pennsylvania" which meant "Forests of Penn"--honoring Penn's late father, the Admiral. Penn would be proprietor, owning all the land, accountable directly to the King. According to traditional accounts, Penn agreed to cancel the debt of £16,000 which the government owed the Admiral for back pay, but there aren't any documents about such a deal. At the beginning of each year, Penn had to give the King two beaver skins and a fifth of any gold and silver mined within the territory.
Penn sailed to America on the ship Welcome and arrived November 8, 1682. With assembled Friends, he founded Philadelphia--he chose the name, which means "city of brotherly love" in Greek. He approved the site between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. He envisioned a 10,000 acre city, but his more sober-minded Friends thought that was overly optimistic. They accepted a 1,200-acre plan. Penn named major streets including Broad, Chestnut, Pine, and Spruce.
Penn was most concerned about developing a legal basis for a free society. In his First Frame of Government, which Penn and initial land purchasers had adopted on April 25, 1682, he expressed ideals anticipating the Declaration of Independence: "Men being born with a title to perfect freedom and uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature ... no one can be put out of his estate and subjected to the political view of another, without his consent."
Penn provided that there would be a governor--initially, himself--whose powers were limited. He would work with a Council (72 members) which proposed legislation and a General Assembly (up to 500 members) which either approved or defeated it. Each year, about a third of members would be elected for three-year terms. As governor, Penn would retain a veto over proposed legislation.
His First Frame of Government provided for secure private property, virtually unlimited free enterprise, a free press, trial by jury and, of course, religious toleration. Whereas the English penal code specified the death penalty for some 200 offenses, Penn reserved it for just two--murder and treason. As a Quaker, Penn encouraged women to get an education and speak out as men did. He called Pennsylvania his "Holy Experiment."
Penn insisted on low taxes. A 1683 law established a low tax on cider and liquor, a low tariff on imports and on exported hides and furs. To help promote settlement, Penn suspended all taxes for a year. When the time came to reimpose taxes he encountered fierce resistance and had to put it off.
Penn's First Frame of Government was the first constitution to provide for peaceful change through amendments. A proposed amendment required the consent of the governor and 85 percent of the elected representatives. Benevolent though Penn was, people in Pennsylvania were disgruntled about his executive power as proprietor and governor. People pressed to make the limitations more specific and to provide stronger assurances about the prerogatives of the legislature. The constitution was amended several times. The version adopted on October 28, 1701 endured for three-quarters of a century and then became the basis for Pennsylvania's state constitution, adopted in 1776.
Collecting rent due Penn as proprietor was always a headache. He never earned enough from the colonies to offset the costs of administration which he paid out of his personal capital. Toward the end of his life, he complained that Pennsylvania was a net loss, costing him some £30,000.
Penn's practices contrasted dramatically with other early colonies, especially Puritan New England which was a vicious theocracy. The Puritans despised liberty. They made political dissent a crime. They whipped, tarred, and hanged Quakers. The Puritans stole what they could from the Indians.
Penn achieved peaceful relations with the Indians--Susquehannocks, Shawnees, and Leni-Lenape. Indians respected his courage, because he ventured among them without guards or personal weapons. He was a superior sprinter who could out-run Indian braves, and this helped win him respect. He took the trouble to learn Indian dialects, so he could conduct negotiations without interpreters. From the very beginning, he acquired Indian land through peaceful, voluntary exchange. Reportedly, Penn concluded a "Great Treaty" with the Indians at Shackamaxon, near what is now the Kensington district of Philadelphia. Voltaire hailed this as "the only treaty between those people [Indians and Christians] that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never infringed." His peaceful policies prevailed for about 70 years, which has to be some kind of record in American history.
Defending PennsylvaniaPenn faced tough challenges defending Pennsylvania back in England. There was a lot at stake, because Pennsylvania had become the best hope for persecuted people in England, France, and Germany. Charles II tried to establish an intolerant absolutism modeled after that of the French King Louis XIV. Concerned that Pennsylvania's charter might be revoked, Penn turned on his diplomatic charm.
Behind the scenes, Penn worked as a remarkable diplomat for religious toleration. Every day, as many as 200 petitioners waited outside Holland House, his London lodgings, hoping for an audience and help. He intervened personally with the King to save scores of Quakers from a death sentence. He got Society of Friends founder George Fox out of jail. He helped convince the King to proclaim the Acts of Indulgence which released more than a thousand Quakers--many had been imprisoned for over a dozen years.
Penn's fortunes collapsed after a son was born to James II in 1688. A Catholic succession was assured. The English rebelled and welcomed the Dutch King William of Orange as William III, who overthrew the Stuarts without having to fire a shot. Suddenly, Penn's Stuart connections were a terrible liability. He was arrested for treason. The government seized his estates. Though he was cleared by November 1690, he was marked as a traitor again. He became a fugitive for four years, hiding amidst London's squalid slums. His friend John Locke helped restore his good name in time to see his wife, Guli, die on February 23, 1694. She was 48.
Harsh experience had taken its toll on Penn. As biographer Hans Fantel put it, "he was getting sallow and paunchy. The years of hiding, with their enforced inactivity, had robbed him of his former physical strength and grace. His stance was now slightly bent, and his enduring grief over the death of Guli had cast an air of listless abstraction over his face. " His spirits revived two years later when he married 30-year-old Hannah Callowhill, the plain and practical daughter of a Bristol linen draper.
But he faced serious problems because of his sloppy business practices. Apparently, he couldn't be bothered with administrative details, and his business manager, fellow Quaker Philip Ford, embezzled substantial sums from Penn's estates. Worse, Penn signed papers without reading them . One of the papers turned out to be a deed transferring Pennsylvania to Ford who demanded rent exceeding Penn's ability to pay. After Ford's death in 1702, his wife, Bridget, had Penn thrown in debtor's prison, but her cruelty backfired. It was unthinkable to have such a person govern a major colony, and in 1708 the Lord Chancellor ruled that "the equity of redemption still remained in William Penn and his heirs."
In October 1712, Penn suffered a stroke while writing a letter about the future of Pennsylvania. Four months later, he suffered a second stroke.
While he had difficulty speaking and writing, he spent time catching up with his children whom he had missed during his missionary travels. He died on July 30, 1718. He was buried at Jordans, next to Guli.
Long before his death, Pennsylvania ceased to be a spiritual place dominated by Quakers. Penn's policy of religious toleration and peace--no military conscription--attracted all kinds of war-weary European immigrants. There were English, Irish, and Germans, Catholics, Jews, and an assortment of Protestant sects including Dunkers, Huguenots, Lutherans, Mennonites, Moravians, Pietists, and Schwenkfelders. Liberty brought so many immigrants that by the American Revolution Pennsylvania had grown to some 300,000 people and became one of the largest colonies. Pennsylvania was America's first great melting pot.
Philadelphia was America's largest city with almost 18,000 people. It was a major commercial center--sometimes more than a hundred trading ships anchored there during a single day. People in Philadelphia could enjoy any of the goods available in England. Merchant companies, shipyards, and banks flourished. Philadelphia thrived as an entrepôt between Europe and the American frontier.
With an atmosphere of liberty, Philadelphia emerged as an intellectual center. Between 1740 and 1776, Philadelphia presses issued an estimated 11,000 works including pamphlets, almanacs, and books. In 1776, there were seven newspapers reflecting a wide range of opinions. No wonder Penn's "city of brotherly love" became the most sacred site for American liberty, where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, and delegates drafted the Constitution.
By creating Pennsylvania, Penn set an enormously important example for liberty. He showed that people who are courageous enough, persistent enough, and resourceful enough can live free. He went beyond the natural right theories of his friend John Locke and showed how a free society would actually work. He showed how individuals of different races and religions can live together peacefully when they mind their own business. He affirmed the resilient optimism of free people.

Terry and Alex

man that video was really awsome you guys did a great job and you had alot to do great job i learned the why early englishmen came to the New world GREAT WORK GUYS!!!

The Different one

Nothing against Nathan and Daniel(loved your presentation by the way!) but i just have to be the different one and say i liked Lillian and Brennans presentation. You guys had a ton of information and taught it really well. The activity was fun but really pressure building but it kind of related to what the colonists had to face. they had to find something in the midst of confusion(and pressure!) and it was cool in a way to see what they had to deal with everyday and, how they founded the colonies so others could live there with less difficulty.

William Bradford

William Bradford was truely a great man. He became fully involved in the Sepratist church at the age of 17 and then went over seas to the New World to create a better future for his children and the children of others. When the first governor John Carver died Bradford took his place and was re-elected 10 times. He has been an ispiration for me and I hope some of you will take time to research him as I have. Here is a link to a site that I found some info on: http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm

Gosh, Nathan and Daniel!

I was just reading some of the past posts, and about 5 of them were on how awesome Nathan and Daniel's presentation was. They did a good job ( I loved the stock-game where they gave us each 3 m&ms and if we chose a colony that prospered we got another one as opposed to losing one if we chose a colony that didn't prosper. That was how stock companys really worked). I also thought that the summary by Terry and Alex was really good (cool video) and that Haley and Talor did awesome even though they only had 5 minutes to do it in (loved the pie) I'm looking foward to Friday because of the rest of the presentations - including Audra's and mine!

what helped me learned..

not to be like everyone else but Daniel and Nathan's presentation was really good. it helped me learn about stalks and I also learned that a good amount of colonies failed. It would be terrible to
have settled and then everything go wrong.

what I learned

I would agree with the rest of you that Daniel & Nathan had a really good presentation. I thought the stock game was a fun and creative idea.
I also didn't know what happened to Plymouth untill last monday. I researched it more and this is one of the links I found http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth

mondays presentations

on monday, i think one of the best ones was daniel and nathans! they did a really good job! i guess i have not really ever thought about civilization in that way. i mean i knew in some areas it was bad but never prosessed it all. who new that all theses things like starvation,famine, and all kinds off things would turn out like this. they thaught us many things we need to take into concideration. we also need to pray that things change.

Monday's presentations

I learned that John Cabot claimed the Atlantic coast of North America to England in 1497.
I researched more about him and found that he made two trips to the New World. The first time he had to convince King Henry the seventh. After recieving permission, he departed on the Matthew. No one knows the precise location where he landed but it was in that first voyage where Cabot claimed the land to England.

Difficulties in Collonization

I am doing my blog about what daniel and nathen talked about on Monday. I thought that they did a really good job in doing their presentation plus I learned a lot. I didnt realize how hard Collonization really was. They faced a whole lot of hard stuff like Starvation and Sickness. Also they talked about the joint-stock company. It was really interesting to learn about how smart the people back then were to come up with something like that. Also I thought that the game we played was really fun and thats why I blogged about the Difficulties of Colonization.

On Monday, i learned alot........

What really stuck out to me, on monday, was where, i think it was nathan and daniel, talked about, the difficulties, of colonization, we dont realize how hard it would be to start a colony, with virtually nothing....... I know i couldn't do that good, as the thirteen original ones. They were pretty brave...........

The Names of New York

I never new that New York was first called New Netherland. I also didn't know that it was given to the Duke of York, and that he named the colony after himself. Does anyone know if he named New York City after himself, or if someone else named it?
Another question: Mrs. Bolander said on Tuesday that we will all be given new names. Will the states and nations also be given new names? If any of you have any thoughts about this, I'd really like to know.

Do we need War?

I think war is very important but not always necessary. I think it depends though on the reason for starting one. If it is just to get power then I think it is completely unnecessary but for example the whole Iraq thing i think that is important and here is why. When 9/11 happened it was a big deal as we all know because it was a ist attack on the USA. So the president sent our troops into Iraq to find the ist group that attacked us. Then it kind of turned into we need to defend this country against that one guy(gosh i can never remember his name) and the ost group he runs. we were defending and protecting our country but it turned into defending Iraq and Iran which i dont think we should have done unless they had asked us for help. So we were trying to protect Iraq but i dont think we should really get involved with that because then we could become more of a Target for ist attacks and its not in our country. I think it is important to really think over the reasons you would start dropping and sending out troops to another country before you start it so you would be sure it was the right thing to do. Would it be called ? I think yes it would but in the bible God tells David to go and kill all these people but they had sinned against the Lord. The Definition of is; the crime of unlawfully somebody with a malicious thought. so basically some person because you are mad or spiteful. I dont think the troops want to kill people but they want to defend their country to.